4

Modern Japan following post-World War II does not paint the same picture of gender fluidity.[8] Specifically, scholars in the social sciences tend to agree that gender roles are more restrictive than ever.[9] To name one example, sexual reassignment surgery in Japan requires the applicant to be medically diagnosed with gender identity disorder in order to be accepted by a state-sanctioned clinic.[8] However, scholars argue that this prerequisite is meant as an intentional enforcement of binary gender roles, rather than a symbol of sexual tolerance.[10]