Grammar

Time in the Russian language is described with the help of the adverbs ещё and уже. The adverb ещё can mean that:

• a process has not started yet;

• the desired result has not been achieved so far;

• an action which was to have finished at the moment of speech is still going on.

Examples:

1)-у тебя есть машина?(do you have a car?)

-ещё нет(no, not yet)

2)-она отдыхает? (Is she having a rest?)

-нет, она ещё работает(no, she is still working)

The adverb уже can mean that:

• a process has finished;

• the result has been achieved;

• there is already another action under way at the moment of speech.

Examples:

1)-у тебя есть машина?(do you have a car?)

-да, уже есть (yes, I have one already)

2)-она отдыхает? (Is she having a rest?)

-да, она уже отдыхает(yes, she is already having a rest)

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The question "whose?" has several forms in Russian. Each form depends on the gender and number of the noun — чей? (masculine), чья? (feminine), чьё? (neuter), чьи? (plural for all genders). To answer this question we use possessive pronouns, which also depend on the gender and number of the noun about which you want to speak.

Examples: 1)-чей это стол?

-это мой стол.

2)-чья это лампа?

-это твоя лампа.

3)-чьё это вино?

-это их вино

4)-чьи это книги?

-это её книги.

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Conjunctions

Conjunctions in the Russian language are used to connect words in a sentence. The conjunction и connects the components of a sentence.

Examples:

Я читаю книгу и думаю.( I am reading a book and thinking).

Он хорошо говорит по-английски и по-русски. (He speaks English and Russian well).

Это мама и папа. (It's mom and dad).

The conjunction но contrasts actions, objects and their characteristics.

Examples:

Он плохо читает, но хорошо говорит по-немецки.(he reads German poorly, but he can speak it well).

Это маленький, но интересный город.(this is a small,but interesting town).

Я плохо говорю по-русски, но хорошо понимаю. (I speak Russian badly, but I understand it well).

The conjunction а is used to give a more accurate description of an object or action, rather than to contrast them.

Examples:

Москва — не маленький, а большой город. (Moscow is not a small, but a big city).

Меня зовут не Марина, а Мария.( My name is not Marina, but Maria).

Я не из Америки, а из России. (I'm not from America, but Russia).

The conjunction тоже is used to emphasize that two objects have something in common in their characteristics or actions.

Examples:

Мой папа – программист, я тоже программист.( my dad is a programmer, and I am a programmer, too).

Марк работает, его директор тоже работает. (Mark is working, his director is also working).

Утром бабушка смотрит телевизор, вечером она тоже смотрит телевизор. (Grandma watches TV in the morning, and she also watches TV in the evening).