T
Skip to main page content
COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation.
Public health information (CDC)
Research information (NIH)
SARS-CoV-2 data (NCBI)
Prevention and treatment information (HHS)

Log in
Access keysNCBI HomepageMyNCBI HomepageMain ContentMain Navigation

Advanced
Full text links
Title & authors Abstract Conflict of interest statement Similar articles Publication types MeSH terms LinkOut - more resources
Review
Benchmarks for Support and Outcomes for Internal Medicine-Pediatrics Residency Programs: A 5-Year Review
Michael Aronica et al. J Grad Med Educ. 2015 Dec.
Free PMC article
Show details
Abstract PubMed PMID
Full text linksCite
Abstract
Background: Combined internal medicine and pediatrics (medicine-pediatrics) residencies were Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accredited separately from their corresponding categorical residencies in June 2006.
Objective: We investigated how ACGME accreditation of medicine-pediatrics programs has affected the levels of support (both financial and personnel), the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) match rate, performance on the board examination, and other graduate outcomes.
Methods: From 2009 through 2013 we sent an annual SurveyMonkey online survey to members of the Medicine-Pediatrics Program Directors Association. Questions pertained to program characteristics, program director support, recruitment, ambulatory training, and graduate data. More than 79% of responders completed the entire survey for each year (sample size was 60 program directors).
Results: Compared to the time prior to accreditation of the specialty, there was an increase in program directors who are dually trained (89% versus 93%), an increase in program director salary ($134,000 before accreditation versus $185,000 in 2013, P < .05), and an increase in the average full-time equivalent support (0.32 before accreditation versus 0.42 in 2013, P < .05). There was also an increase in programs with associate program directors (35% versus 78%), programs with chief residents (71% versus 91%), and an increase in program budgets controlled by program directors (52% versus 69%). The 2013 NRMP match rates increased compared to those of 2005 (99% versus 49%). Performance on the American Board of Pediatrics examination was comparable to that for pediatrics residents. Since accreditation, a larger number of residents are choosing careers in hospital medicine.
Conclusions: Our data show widespread improved support for medicine-pediatrics programs since the 2006 start of ACGME accreditation.
Conflict of interest statement
Conflict of interest: The authors declare they have no competing interests.
Similar articles
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) annual anesthesiology residency and fellowship program review: a "report card" model for continuous improvement.
Rose SH, et al. BMC Med Educ. 2010. PMID: 20141641 Free PMC article.
Benchmarks of support in internal medicine residency training programs.
Wolfsthal SD, et al. Acad Med. 2002. PMID: 11788325
Attitudes of Family Medicine Program Directors Toward Osteopathic Residents Under the Single Accreditation System.
Hempstead LK, et al. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2017. PMID: 28346602
Core competencies in neurology resident education: a review and tips for implementation.
Peltier WL. Neurologist. 2004. PMID: 14998439 Review.
A Decade of Teaching and Learning in Internal Medicine Ambulatory Education: A Scoping Review.
Coyle A, et al. J Grad Med Educ. 2019. PMID: 31024643 Free PMC article. Review.
See all similar articles
Publication types
Review
MeSH terms
Accreditation
Benchmarking*
Education, Medical, Graduate / standards
Internal Medicine / economics
Internal Medicine / education*
Internship and Residency / standards*
Pediatrics / economics
Pediatrics / education*
Program Evaluation
Specialty Boards
Surveys and Questionnaires
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Europe PubMed Central
PubMed Central
Medical
MedlinePlus Health Information
AMA APA MLA NLM
NCBI Literature Resources
MeSH PMC BookShelf
FOLLOW NCBI
Follow NLM
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
Copyright
FOIA
Privacy
Help
Accessibility
Careers
NLM
NIH
HHS
USA.gov
Skip to main page content
COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation.
Public health information (CDC)
Research information (NIH)
SARS-CoV-2 data (NCBI)
Prevention and treatment information (HHS)

Log in
Access keysNCBI HomepageMyNCBI HomepageMain ContentMain Navigation

Advanced
Full text links
Title & authors Abstract Similar articles Cited by Publication types MeSH terms Related information LinkOut - more resources
Review
Measuring primary care: the standard primary care year
R C Bowman. Rural Remote Health. Jul-Sep 2008.
Free article
Show details
Abstract PubMed PMID
Full text linksCite
Abstract
Introduction: Numerous reports highlight the problem of declining primary care capacity in the USA, especially in rural and remote areas. The reasons for declining primary care capacity are elusive. Little progress is likely without better definitions, tools, and approaches. The author proposes a standard primary care workforce year to adjust each primary care form for losses due to specialization, lower levels of practice activity, lower primary care volume, and shorter career length.
Methods: The author reviewed studies to create a standard primary care year estimate representing the total primary care contribution for each of the five training forms of primary care over the career length of the graduate. The standard primary care year was the product of four factors: (1) the career length in years; (2) the percentage estimated to remain in primary care; (3) the percentage active in practice; and (4) the percentage of primary care volume compared with a family practitioner. A best determination was made regarding the value of each of the four factors for each primary care form. Because specialization rates increased substantially to decrease primary care contributions, the estimate for each form also had to be linked to each class year of graduates.
Results: Family practice is the best example of a permanent primary care training form with 29.3 standard primary care years expected over a 35 year career. Other training forms appear to be more flexible with graduates able to choose primary care or specialty care depending on policy and market forces. The 2008 pediatric residency graduates can be expected to serve 17.6 years of primary care. Internal medicine resident primary care contributions have been reduced by 50% in the past decade to 5.3 years with international medical graduate internal medicine contributions decreasing to 2.5 years. Physician assistant estimates have decreased to 6 years, while nurse practitioner estimates have declined below 3 years per graduate. Without changes in policy or training, the USA must graduate 11.7 international medical graduate internal medicine residents, or 10 nurse practitioners, or 5.5 US internal medicine residents, or 4.8 physician assistants, or 1.7 pediatric residents to equal the same primary care contributions as one family physician. With decreasing rural and underserved distribution levels in the flexible forms, the numbers of graduates needed to match the family practice rural primary care year and underserved primary care year contributions are even higher.
Conclusions: The primary care year is a versatile tool that can help to estimate primary care contributions across different forms of primary care. Specialization takes a huge toll on primary care capacity. Progressive failure to retain primary care makes expansions of graduates an ineffective and costly intervention. Without graduating more who remain in primary care, the USA can expect consistently lower primary care levels. Primary care contributions of progressively shorter duration could explain the perceived rapid collapse of primary care, particularly when studies of primary care fail to involve the most recent months of changes.
Similar articles
Recruitment, retention, and follow-up of graduates of a program to increase the number of family physicians in rural and underserved areas.
Rabinowitz HK. N Engl J Med. 1993. PMID: 8446141
Do international medical graduates (IMGs) "fill the gap" in rural primary care in the United States? A national study.
Thompson MJ, et al. J Rural Health. 2009. PMID: 19785577
Practice locations of graduates of family physician residency and nurse practitioner programs: considerations within the context of institutional culture and curricular innovation through Titles VII and VIII.
Edwards JB, et al. J Rural Health. 2006. PMID: 16441339
Rural Kentucky's physician shortage: strategies for producing, recruiting, and retaining primary care providers within a medically underserved region.
Casey BR, et al. J Ky Med Assoc. 2005. PMID: 16252560 Review. No abstract available.
A physician workforce for the 21st century.
Cooper RA. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995. PMID: 8526684 Review.
See all similar articles
Cited by 3 articles
Rural Workforce Years: Quantifying the Rural Workforce Contribution of Family Medicine Residency Graduates.
Meyers P, et al. J Grad Med Educ. 2020. PMID: 33391596
Assessment of Changes in Rural and Urban Primary Care Workforce in the United States From 2009 to 2017.
Zhang D, et al. JAMA Netw Open. 2020. PMID: 33112401 Free PMC article.
An internet-based virtual coach to promote physical activity adherence in overweight adults: randomized controlled trial.
Watson A, et al. J Med Internet Res. 2012. PMID: 22281837 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Publication types
Review
MeSH terms
Humans
Medically Underserved Area*
Medicine
Physicians, Family / supply & distribution*
Primary Health Care*
Professional Practice Location
Quality Assurance, Health Care / methods
Rural Health Services
Specialization
United States
Workforce
Related information
Cited in Books
MedGen
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
JCU, James Cook University
Miscellaneous
NCI CPTAC Assay Portal

AMA APA MLA NLM
NCBI Literature Resources
MeSH PMC BookShelf
FOLLOW NCBI
Follow NLM
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
Copyright
FOIA
Privacy
Help
Accessibility
Careers
NLM
NIH
HHS
USA.gov
Skip to main page content
COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation.
Public health information (CDC)
Research information (NIH)
SARS-CoV-2 data (NCBI)
Prevention and treatment information (HHS)

Log in
Access keysNCBI HomepageMyNCBI HomepageMain ContentMain Navigation

Advanced
Full text links
Title & authors Abstract Similar articles Cited by MeSH terms LinkOut - more resources
Developing next-generation telehealth tools and technologies: patients, systems, and data perspectives
Michael J Ackerman et al. Telemed J E Health. Jan-Feb 2010.
Free PMC article
Show details
Abstract PubMed PMID
Full text linksCite
Abstract
The major goals of telemedicine today are to develop next-generation telehealth tools and technologies to enhance healthcare delivery to medically underserved populations using telecommunication technology, to increase access to medical specialty services while decreasing healthcare costs, and to provide training of healthcare providers, clinical trainees, and students in health-related fields. Key drivers for these tools and technologies are the need and interest to collaborate among telehealth stakeholders, including patients, patient communities, research funders, researchers, healthcare services providers, professional societies, industry, healthcare management/economists, and healthcare policy makers. In the development, marketing, adoption, and implementation of these tools and technologies, communication, training, cultural sensitivity, and end-user customization are critical pieces to the process. Next-generation tools and technologies are vehicles toward personalized medicine, extending the telemedicine model to include cell phones and Internet-based telecommunications tools for remote and home health management with video assessment, remote bedside monitoring, and patient-specific care tools with event logs, patient electronic profile, and physician note-writing capability. Telehealth is ultimately a system of systems in scale and complexity. To cover the full spectrum of dynamic and evolving needs of end-users, we must appreciate system complexity as telehealth moves toward increasing functionality, integration, interoperability, outreach, and quality of service. Toward that end, our group addressed three overarching questions: (1) What are the high-impact topics? (2) What are the barriers to progress? and (3) What roles can the National Institutes of Health and its various institutes and centers play in fostering the future development of telehealth?
Similar articles
NIH conference on the future of telehealth: essential tools and technologies for clinical research and care--a summary. June 25-26, 2009 Bethesda, Maryland.
Doarn CR, et al. Telemed J E Health. 2010. PMID: 20043701
Implementation and evaluation of telehealth tools and technologies.
Puskin DS, et al. Telemed J E Health. 2010. PMID: 20067409
Telehealth tools for public health, emergency, or disaster preparedness and response: a summary report.
Alverson DC, et al. Telemed J E Health. 2010. PMID: 20043703
The Role of Telehealth in an Evolving Health Care Environment: Workshop Summary.
Board on Health Care Services, et al. National Academies Press (US). 2012. PMID: 24901186 Free Books & Documents. Review.
Integration of telehealth services in the healthcare system: with emphasis on the experience of patients living with HIV.
Dandachi D, et al. J Investig Med. 2019. PMID: 30826803 Review.
See all similar articles
Cited by 23 articles
Utility of teleconsultation in accessing eye care in a developing country during COVID-19 pandemic.
Mansoor H, et al. PLoS One. 2021. PMID: 33444381 Free PMC article.
Using an Extended Technology Acceptance Model to Understand the Factors Influencing Telehealth Utilization After Flattening the COVID-19 Curve in South Korea: Cross-sectional Survey Study.
An MH, et al. JMIR Med Inform. 2021. PMID: 33395397 Free PMC article.
Telerehabilitation for Rural Veterans: A Qualitative Assessment of Barriers and Facilitators to Implementation.
Hale-Gallardo JL, et al. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2020. PMID: 32669850 Free PMC article.
Factors Influencing the Application of Connected Health in Remote Areas, Taiwan: A Qualitative Pilot Study.
Chen SC, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020. PMID: 32079241 Free PMC article.
Telepsychiatry in Integrated Care Settings.
Adaji A, et al. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2017. PMID: 31975855 Free PMC article. Review.
See all "Cited by" articles
MeSH terms
Cell Phone / statistics & numerical data
Congresses as Topic
Financing, Government / organization & administration
Humans
Information Systems / organization & administration
Interdisciplinary Communication*
National Institutes of Health (U.S.) / economics
National Institutes of Health (U.S.) / organization & administration*
Systems Integration
Telecommunications / instrumentation
Telemedicine / instrumentation*
United States
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Atypon
Europe PubMed Central
PubMed Central
Medical
MedlinePlus Health Information

AMA APA MLA NLM
NCBI Literature Resources
MeSH PMC BookShelf
FOLLOW NCBI
Follow NLM
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
Copyright
FOIA
Privacy
Help
Accessibility
Careers
NLM
NIH
HHS
USA.gov
Skip to main page content
COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation.
Public health information (CDC)
Research information (NIH)
SARS-CoV-2 data (NCBI)
Prevention and treatment information (HHS)

Log in
Access keysNCBI HomepageMyNCBI HomepageMain ContentMain Navigation

Advanced
Full text links
Title & authors Abstract Figures Similar articles Cited by References Publication types MeSH terms Grant support LinkOut - more resources
Double common-path interferometer for flexible optical probe of optical coherence tomography
Jae Seok Park et al. Opt Express. 2012.
Free PMC article
Show details
Abstract PubMed PMID
Full text linksCite
Abstract
A flexible curled optical cord is useful for a common-path optical coherence tomography (OCT) system because a bending-insensitive arbitrary length can be chosen for the endoscopic imaging probe. However, there has been a critical problem that the partial reflector needs to be placed in between the sample and the objective lens. It limits the structure design of optical probe and leads to a low transverse resolution OCT imaging. Instead of a conventional single common-path interferometer, we propose a novel double common-path interferometer configuration in order to generate an interference signal that is independent of the optical distance between the partial reflector and sample. Due to the limitless tuning of the objective distance, an objective lens with a high numerical aperture (NA) up to 0.85 can be successfully used for phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography to achieve a 3-dimensional profile image of a transverse resolution of 0.7 μm. The intensity and phase terms of the interference signal can be obtained simultaneously from a Fourier-domain mode locked swept laser source for fast data acquisition with a phase stability of 979 pm.
Figures

Fig. 1
(a) Schematic of the conventional…

Fig. 2
(a) Schematic of the conventional…

Fig. 3
Schematic of the proposed double…

Fig. 4
Schematic of a phase-sensitive OCT…

Fig. 5
Maintaining OCT image quality for…

Fig. 6
Conventional phase-sensitive OCT (NA =…
All figures (7)
Similar articles
Common-path optical coherence tomography with side-viewing bare fiber probe for endoscopic optical coherence tomography.
Sharma U, et al. Rev Sci Instrum. 2007. PMID: 18052460
Full-field optical coherence tomography using immersion Mirau interference microscope.
Lu SH, et al. Appl Opt. 2013. PMID: 23842185
Parallel optical coherence tomography system.
Luo Y, et al. Appl Opt. 2007. PMID: 18059671
Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography: recent advances toward clinical utility.
Bouma BE, et al. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2009. PMID: 19264475 Free PMC article. Review.
Optical coherence tomography and Doppler optical coherence tomography in the gastrointestinal tract.
Osiac E, et al. World J Gastroenterol. 2011. PMID: 21218079 Free PMC article. Review.
See all similar articles
Cited by 1 article
Double Interferometer Design for Independent Wavefront Manipulation in Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.
Kanngiesser J, et al. Sci Rep. 2019. PMID: 31601904 Free PMC article.
References
Huang D., Swanson E. A., Lin C. P., Schuman J. S., Stinson W. G., Chang W., Hee M. R., Flotte T., Gregory K., Puliafito C. A., Fujimoto J., "Optical coherence tomography," Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991).10.1126/science.1957169 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Youngquist R. C., Carr S., Davies D. E. N., "Optical coherence-domain reflectometry: a new optical evaluation technique," Opt. Lett. 12(3), 158–160 (1987).10.1364/OL.12.000158 - DOI - PubMed
Park J. S., Jeong M. Y., Jung C. H., Ouh C. H., Kang H. J., Han Y. G., Lee S. B., Kim C. S., "Flexible curled optical cord for bending-insensitive optical imaging delivery," IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 16(4), 1031–1038 (2010).10.1109/JSTQE.2009.2033211 - DOI
Sharma U., Fried N. M., Kang J. U., "All-fiber common-path optical coherence tomography: sensitivity optimization and system analysis," IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 11(4), 799–805 (2005).10.1109/JSTQE.2005.857380 - DOI
Park J. S., Jeong M. Y., Kim C. S., "Post-tuning of sample position in common-path swept source optical coherence tomography," J. Opt. Soc. Korea 15, (2011), to be published.
Show all 19 references
Publication types
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
Diagnostic Imaging / instrumentation
Diagnostic Imaging / methods
Endoscopes
Equipment Design
Fiber Optic Technology / instrumentation*
Fiber Optic Technology / methods*
Humans
Imaging, Three-Dimensional / instrumentation
Imaging, Three-Dimensional / methods
Interferometry / instrumentation*
Interferometry / methods*
Lenses
Models, Theoretical
Tomography, Optical Coherence / instrumentation*
Tomography, Optical Coherence / methods*
Grant support
EB-10090/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States
P41 EB015890/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States
R01 EB010090/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States
RR-01192/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
R01 HL105215/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
Show all 7 grants
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Europe PubMed Central
PubMed Central
eScholarship, California Digital Library, University of California
Other Literature Sources
The Lens - Patent Citations
AMA APA MLA NLM
NCBI Literature Resources
MeSH PMC BookShelf
FOLLOW NCBI
Follow NLM
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
Copyright
FOIA
Privacy
Help
Accessibility
Careers
NLM
NIH
HHS
USA.gov
Skip to main page content
COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation.
Public health information (CDC)
Research information (NIH)
SARS-CoV-2 data (NCBI)
Prevention and treatment information (HHS)

Log in
Access keysNCBI HomepageMyNCBI HomepageMain ContentMain Navigation

Advanced
Full text links
Title & authors Abstract Figures Similar articles Cited by Publication types MeSH terms Substances Related information Grant support LinkOut - more resources
Biosensor-Surface Plasmon Resonance: Label-Free Method for Investigation of Small Molecule-Quadruplex Nucleic Acid Interactions
Ananya Paul et al. Methods Mol Biol. 2019.
Free PMC article
Show details
Abstract PubMed PMID
Full text linksCite
Abstract
Biosensor-surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology is now well established as a quantitative approach for the study of nucleic acid interactions in real time, without the need for labeling any components of the interaction. The method provides real-time equilibrium and kinetic characterization for quadruplex DNA interactions and requires small amounts of materials and no external probe. A detailed protocol for quadruplex-DNA interaction analyses with a variety of binding molecules using biosensor-SPR methods is presented. Explanations of the SPR method with basic fundamentals for use and analysis of results are described with recommendations on the preparation of the SPR instrument, sensor chips, and samples. Details of experimental design, quantitative and qualitative data analyses, and presentation are described. Some specific examples of small molecule-DNA quadruplex interactions are presented with results evaluated by both kinetic and steady-state SPR methods.
Keywords: Biosensor; Kinetics; Mass transfer; Small molecule-nucleic acid interactions; Steady-state analysis; Surface plasmon resonance.
Figures

Figure 1.
Schematic outline of (A) a…

Figure 2.
SPR sensorgram and its components…

Figure 3:
Chemical Structure of DB1464 and…

Figure 4:
Respective SPR sensorgrams for the…

Figure 5:
Comparison of the SPR binding…

Scheme 1.
Chemical structure of biotin derivative…
Similar articles
Quantitative Investigation of Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions by Biosensor Surface Plasmon Resonance.
Wang S, et al. Methods Mol Biol. 2015. PMID: 26404159 Free PMC article.
Quantitative analysis of small molecule-nucleic acid interactions with a biosensor surface and surface plasmon resonance detection.
Liu Y, et al. Methods Mol Biol. 2010. PMID: 19997874 Free PMC article.
Biosensor-surface plasmon resonance methods for quantitative analysis of biomolecular interactions.
Tanious FA, et al. Methods Cell Biol. 2008. PMID: 17964928
Biosensor-surface plasmon resonance: quantitative analysis of small molecule-nucleic acid interactions.
Nguyen B, et al. Methods. 2007. PMID: 17472897 Review.
Analysis of biomolecules using surface plasmons.
Willander M, et al. Methods Mol Biol. 2009. PMID: 19488702 Review.
See all similar articles
Cited by 1 article
Substituted Naphthalenediimide Compounds Bind Selectively to Two Human Quadruplex Structures with Parallel Topology.
Vo T, et al. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2020. PMID: 32435416
Publication types
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
MeSH terms
Biosensing Techniques*
Kinetics
Nucleic Acids / chemistry*
Surface Plasmon Resonance
Substances
Nucleic Acids
Related information
MedGen
Grant support
R01 GM111749/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Europe PubMed Central
PubMed Central
Springer

AMA APA MLA NLM
NCBI Literature Resources
MeSH PMC BookShelf
FOLLOW NCBI
Follow NLM
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
Copyright
FOIA
Privacy
Help
Accessibility
Careers
NLM
NIH
HHS
USA.gov