History of civilization

History of civilization

Geography

Berucracy

Democracy

Government

Spy system

Age of parisals

Human history and pre hostory

First society concept

Socialization

Human history (or world history) is the narrative of humanity's past. It is understood through archaeology, anthropology, genetics, linguistics, and (since the advent of writing) primary and secondary source documents.

World population, from 10000 BCE to 2000 CE, with projection to 2100 CE[1]

Humanity's written history was preceded by its prehistory, beginning with the Palaeolithic ("Old Stone Age") era. This was followed by the Neolithic ("New Stone Age") era, which saw the Agricultural Revolution begin in the Near East's Fertile Crescent between 10,000 and 5,000 BCE. During this period, humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals.[2] As agriculture advanced, most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements. The relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed communities to expand into increasingly larger units, fostered by advances in transportation.

The earliest complex societies appeared in fertile river valleys. Settlements developed as early as 4,000 BCE in Iran,[3][4][5] Mesopotamia,[6] the Indus River valley on the Indian subcontinent,[7] as well as on the banks of Egypt's Nile River,[8][9] along China's rivers[10][11] and the short rivers that flow from the Andes in the central coast of Peru. As farming developed, grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between growing seasons. Labour divisions led to the rise of a leisured upper class and the development of cities, which provided the foundation for civilization. The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing. Hinduism developed in the late Bronze Age on the Indian subcontinent. The Axial Age witnessed the introduction of religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, and Jainism.

With civilizations flourishing, ancient history ("Antiquity," including the Classical Age and Golden Age of India,[12] up to about 500 CE)[13] saw the rise and fall of empires. Post-classical history (the "Middle Ages," c. 500–1500 CE)[14] witnessed the rise of Christianity, the Islamic Golden Age (c. 750 CE – c. 1258 CE), and the Timurid and European renaissances (from around 1300 CE). The mid-15th-century introduction of movable-type printing in Europe[15] revolutionized communication and facilitated ever wider dissemination of information, hastening the end of the Middle Ages and ushering in the Scientific Revolution.[16] The early modern period, sometimes referred to as the "European Age and Age of the Islamic Gunpowders",[17] from about 1500 to 1800,[18] included the Age of Discovery and the Age of Enlightenment. By the 18th century, the accumulation of knowledge and technology had reached a critical mass that brought about the Industrial Revolution[19] and began the late modern period, which started around 1800 and continues through the present.[14]

This scheme of historical periodization (dividing history into Antiquity, Post-Classical, Early Modern, and Late Modern periods) was developed for, and applies best to, the history of the Old World, particularly Europe and the Mediterranean. Outside this region, including Chinese and Indian civilizations, historical timelines unfolded differently up to the 18th century. By this time, due to extensive world trade and colonization, the histories of most civilizations had become substantially intertwined. In the last quarter-millennium, the rates of population growth, economic production, technology, communications, commerce, weapon destructiveness, and environmental degradation have greatly accelerated, fundamentally changing the