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The reborn Prince Hechingen of the Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern family perceives the unfolding situation in Europe, where war is imminent. Europe cannot afford to delay. The strategy involves establishing a presence in East Africa, fostering immigration and development, and laying the foundations for agriculture. This gradual approach leverages the crisis to expedite the process of industrialization

African Entrepreneurship History

Chapter 305: Birmingham Peace Accords

The negotiations continued with discussions about the restoration of the Papal State's territory to its pre-war borders. Austria-Hungary proposed a unique position for the Pope, suggesting that he remain neutral in international affairs, and no country should invade the Papal State. This proposal aimed to maintain the Pope's symbolic role while preventing Italy from further encroachments.

Italy, represented by Gamor, rejected this idea, claiming that the Pope was merely a puppet of Austria-Hungary. The British representative, Earl Granville, reminded both parties to focus on the issues at hand and set aside theological disputes.

Austria-Hungary's ideal outcome was the dismemberment of Italy, with the recovery of Venice and Lombardy. Italy's fate was no longer their primary concern, as they aimed to minimize Austria-Hungary's gains.

Britain had interests in the Kingdom of Sardinia and hoped to maintain Italy's territorial integrity. Earl Granville recognized the Austro-Hungarian Empire as the victor but wanted to secure the best outcome for Italy.

Austria-Hungary, represented by Friedrich, was willing to make concessions but insisted on keeping Sicily under Italian control. Gamor opposed this, arguing that Sicily was already under Italian control, making it an unsuitable bargaining chip.

The discussions then moved to the Papal State. Friedrich proposed a unique status for the Pope, emphasizing his symbolic importance and inviolability. Gamor accused the Pope of being a puppet and stressed Italy's non-recognition of his authority.

Earl Granville urged both sides to compromise, recognizing the Austro-Hungarian Empire's victory but advocating for a peaceful resolution.

Friedrich proposed that Venice should return to Austria-Hungary, but Lombardy should be partially retained, primarily the eastern third, under Austrian rule. Earl Granville accepted this proposal.

Ultimately, the Birmingham Peace Accords were reached, bringing an end to the Italian-Austrian War. Austria-Hungary gained Venice and a portion of Lombardy, the Papal State regained its eastern territories, and the Kingdom of Naples gained independence, recognized by the international community.

The Kingdom of Italy was preserved largely due to British intervention. They retained Sardinia, Sicily, and most of Lombardy, maintaining their dominant position in the Italian region. The peace agreement became known as the "1871 Peace Agreement between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire," commonly referred to as the "Birmingham Peace Agreement."