Chapter 18

"During the Cambrian explosion about 520 million years ago we started seeing this huge expansion in the diversity of life forms. Piecing together Rodinia helps provide a geological context in which this diversification occurred. The shifting configuration of landmasses, collisions between them, as well as erosion and the influx of chemicals into the seas may have provided the nutrients for that expanding diversity of life forms since its formation. The big question now is the source of formation."

Diamond is the human best friend however, bil­lions of years ago the sur­face of these gems may have pro­vid­ed the right con­di­tions to fos­ter the chem­i­cal re­ac­tions be­lieved to have giv­en rise to life on Earth. Life's chem­i­cal pre­cur­sors grad­u­ally evolved from a so-called "p­ri­mor­dial soup" of sim­pler mo­le­cules. But just how these sim­pler mo­le­cules, called ami­no acids, would have as­sem­bled in­to com­plex larg­er struc­tures re­mains one of sci­ence's great mysteries.

In a se­ries of ex­pe­ri­ments in the New World Central Hub Laboratory, the experts found that af­ter treat­ment with hy­dro­gen, nat­u­ral dia­mond forms crys­tal­line lay­ers of wa­ter on its sur­face. These lay­ers may have been es­sen­tial for the de­vel­op­ment of life, and in­volved in elec­tri­cal con­duc­ti­vity, the group ar­gued. In oth­er words, when prim­i­tive mo­le­cules land­ed on the sur­face of these "hy­dro­genated" di­a­monds in the early at­mos­phere, the re­sult­ing chem­i­cal re­ac­tion could have gen­er­ated more com­plex or­gan­ic mo­le­cules that even­tu­ally gave rise to life.

What really puzzled Izra and Val the previous generations were on how we came into existence. The creation and the universe. "Big Bang Theory" now gained admittance. A positive initiative of updating some lines of the human Bible. Derivations of mathematical frameworks lead to the updates of Ancient Relativity, where everything derived from energy corresponding to space and time. This too jibe to the Theory of Evolution through nature selection. A very long natural processes. However experienced taught us that indulging short and complicated laboratory processes was terribly dangerous due to rapid collision of atoms.

Now, since the Grand Old Big Bang did occurred, the neophyte Earth had to do some housekeeping. Plankton is basic creation from sub-atomic caused by energy reaction of Earth's ocean volcanic vents, derived from the simplest cell as to the process of fauna to the womb. In basic origin without predator, what shall be the outcome? Since plankton had no category neither fauna nor flora, some had been awash to the shores and were fertilized through nature selections. Others may develop unlimited appetite devouring tiny members of the colony to sustain their growth through the nature selection and the rest are history.

Life's Ingredients Most Likely Sprinkled on Earth. Some crucial ingredients for life on Earth may have formed in interstellar space e.g. diamond, rather than on the planet's surface. A new computer model in the New World Central Hub Laboratory indicates clouds of adenine molecules, a basic component of DNA, can form and survive the harsh conditions of space, and possibly sprinkle onto planets as the stars they orbit travel through a galaxy.

There may be only a few molecules of adenine per square foot of space, but over millions of years, enough could have accumulated to help make way for life, according to a molecular expert team at the said New World Central Hub Lab. Adenine is one of four "letters" of DNA's alphabet used to store an organism's genetic code. The idea that large, two-ringed organic molecules like adenine formed in space may seem outrageous, but current evidence leaves the possibility wide open.

One can find large molecules in meteorites, including adenine. We know that adenine can be made elsewhere in the solar system, so why should one consider it impossible to make the building blocks somewhere in interstellar dust.

Using computer simulations of the cold vacuum of space, The team found that hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas can build adenine. Like pieces in a set of tinker toys, hydrogen cyanide serves as adenine's building blocks; the small molecules bond together into chains and, with a little wiggling, eventually assemble into rings.

Although adenine's first ring needs a tiny energy boost from starlight to form, ring of the molecule self-assembles without any outside help. When a reaction occurs, usually it needs to be heated. It is remarkable to find a reaction that does not requires activation of energy. If one does this reaction in space, this is a huge advantage because it takes a long time for a molecule to be hit by a piece of light. Adenine's ringed shape helps it absorb and release any excess energy without breaking apart, making it stable enough to form concentrated clouds that planets can drift through.

While getting adenine safely onto a rocky planet's surface is a less developed idea, many experts in the New World Central Hub Lab have barely toyed with the notion that life's basic ingredients formed off of the planet's surface.

We are at a very early stage of anybody even thinking about these things. The discussion of life's origin has been highly focused on the idea of a warm pool of liquid on the planet's surface, but recent discoveries of planets around distant stars is changing that focus.

Chemistry in space is not the chemistry most of us are trained for. We should take a much bigger approach: Where are all the chemicals in space derived? We already knew that hydrogen cyanide is abundant in interstellar clouds and it has been suggested that comets can bring some of those materials onto planets. The team idea is to detect adenine in the deep space clouds. The likelihood of detection is very small, but it is still possible. Should the background noise could be eliminated, sensitive equipment can detect adenine dust clouds.

Molecules in the Outer Space

Lately, there are eight organic molecules with 6 to 8 atoms discovered in intergalactic space whereby one particular molecule found in Sagittarius B2(N), identified as acetamide, contains a type of chemical bond important for linking together amino acids, the molecular building blocks of proteins. Chances that several interpolations of those molecules interacted, forming some life-supporting elements showered Earth created planet. Indeed it took several period of incubation on this very Earth to attained micro-lives thus further evolved to humanity, where every generic composite are symmetrically the same from the origin. Say, Earth's water ratio is the same ratio of water on human bodies. Elements abound this planet, are also found on our components and most likely of the same ratio too. Majority of oil deposits are between the two polar, as majority of human fats are located at the body's midsection… etc.

Origin of Life forms

The stellar baby boom period of the Milky Way as well as in Andromead though different sequence of time sparked a flowering and crashing of life here on Earth, a new study suggests.

About 2.4 billion years ago when the Milky Way as well as in Andromaed started upping its star production, cosmic rays-high-speed atomic particles-started pouring onto planets, causing instability within the living. Populations of bacteria and algae repeatedly soared and crashed in the oceans.

The researchers counted the amount of carbon-13 within sedimentary rocks, the most common rocks exposed on the planet's surface. When algae and bacteria were growing in the oceans, they took in carbon-12, so the ocean had an abundance of carbon-13.

Many sea creatures use carbon-13 to make their shells. If there is a lot of carbon-13 stored in rocks, it means life, the origin of which is still unknown, was booming. Therefore, variations in carbon-13 are a good indicator of the productivity of life on Earth.

The researchers found that the biggest fluctuation in productivity coincided with star formation, which had an effect on Earth's climate and therefore on the productivity of life on both planets.

When a star explodes far away in the galaxies, cosmic rays penetrate through the planet's atmosphere and produce ions and free electrons. The released electrons act as catalysts and accelerate the formation of small clusters of sulfuric acid and water molecules, the building blocks of clouds. Therefore, cosmic rays increase cloud cover on Earth, typically to other planets reflecting star lights and keeping the planet relatively cool.

Although cold and icy times are generally considered unfriendly to life, the data reveals that biological productivity kept oscillating between very high and very low. The reason, the experts in New World Central Hub Lab suggest, is that stronger winds during icy epochs stirred the oceans and improved the supply of nutrients in the surface waters.

The odds are 10,000-to-1 against this unexpected link between cosmic rays and the variable state of the biosphere being just a coincidence, and it offers a new perspective on the connection between the evolution of the galaxies and the entire history of life over the last four to nine billion years and "Chances are … different species of life forms are abundant floating in the universe on suspended state of whatever and wherever origin. Meteors falling in several planets possessed imprints of bacteria of unknown origin. Lately, extract of universe's genetic structure are similar to those life forms on planets. The overwhelming probability for these suspended genes to react on suitable environment with compatible catalyst to spring up to life, to mutate and evolve on any given planet. There should be a free hand of evolution once host planet shall tolerate these life forms to survive. Somewhere on Earth and other typical planets, close to 4 to 9 billion years ago (Earth is only about four to five billion years old, while planet Urnyx is already about eight to nine billion Earth's years old), a set of molecular reactions flipped a switch and became life. Experts in New World Central Hub Lab try to imagine this animating event by simplifying the processes that characterize living things.

New World Central Hub Lab research suggests the simplification needs to go further. All currently known organisms rely on DNA to replicate and proteins to run cellular machinery, but these large molecules—intricate weaves of thousands of atoms—are not likely to have been around for the first organisms to use.

Life could have started up from the small molecules that nature provided." Research of New World Central Hub Lab, pointing that the first life forms were self-contained chemistry experiments that grew, reproduced and even evolved without needing the complicated molecules that define biology as we now know it.

Since the period of the great, great ancestors, planet Urnyx experts have known that complex carbon compounds called tholins exist on comets and in the atmospheres of the outer planets. Theoretically, tholins might interact with water in a process called hydrolysis to produce complex molecules similar to those found on the early Earth. Complex organic molecules are believed to have been an early step in the emergence of life; such compounds are called prebiotic.

Titan, the sixth and largest moon of the planet Saturn, is thought to be made largely of ice. Some of that ice may melt during meteor impacts or in underground processes, producing "ice volcanoes" that emit a "lava" containing ammonia mixed with water. Could tholins formed in Titan's atmosphere react with liquid water temporarily exposed by meteor impacts or ice volcanoes to produce potentially prebiotic complex organic molecules — before the water freezes? Until this time, no one knew.

Previous planet Urnyx experts had shown in their laboratory journal posted millions of Earth's years ago Astrobiology that, over a long period, compounds similar to tholins can be hydrolyzed (which means to react with water) at near-freezing temperatures. Liquid water exposed on Titan is believed to persist for hundreds to thousands of Earth years — plenty of time for such reactions to take place.

Tantalizingly, it has been suggested that a similar process may have happened on the early Earth.

Further entries on the great, great ancestor's laboratory journal that about two million Earth's years ago, they created organic compounds similar to tholins by subjecting a mixture of five percent methane and ninety five percent nitrogen to electrical discharge at a low temperature (-108 degrees or -78 degrees C). They dissolved samples of the resulting material in water, and then, at a range of temperatures from freezing up to 104 degrees F (40 degrees C), measured the rate at which the mixture hydrolyzed. Then found out that up to 10 percent of the organic compounds began to react with oxygen from the water to form complex organic molecules.

Planet Urnyx younger generations of experts later conducted parallel experiments on a mixture of gases taken from Titan's atmosphere using UV light and the structures of the compounds made by electrical discharge differ from those formed by UV photolysis so the hydrolysis time could be very different. Some of the photochemical products [when UV light is used] are hydrocarbons that do not react with water. Electric, or plasma, discharge was meant to mimic charged UV light radiation producing tholins that look more like Titan's haze and reacted with water.

On Titan, this suggests that prebiotic molecules might exist in melt water from impact craters and ice volcanoes. And similar processes might have occurred on the early Earth, before the atmosphere contained significant quantities of free oxygen.